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= Regex
== Regex Syntax
== Regex syntax
Kakoune regex syntax is based on the ECMAScript syntax, as defined by the
ECMA-262 standard (see <<Compatibility>>).
Kakoune regex syntax is based on ECMAScript syntax, as defined by the
ECMA-262 standard (see <<regex#compatibility,:doc regex compatibility>>).
Kakoune's regex always run on Unicode codepoint sequences, not on bytes.
Kakoune's regex always runs on Unicode codepoint sequences, not on bytes.
== Literals
Every character except the syntax characters `\^$.*+?[]{}|().` match
themselves. Syntax characters can be escaped with a backslash so `\$`
will match a literal `$` and `\\` will match a literal `\`.
themselves. Syntax characters can be escaped with a backslash so that
`\$` will match a literal `$`, and `\\` will match a literal `\`.
Some literals are available as escape sequences:
* `\f` matches the form feed character.
* `\n` matches the line feed character.
* `\n` matches the newline character.
* `\r` matches the carriage return character.
* `\t` matches the tabulation character.
* `\v` matches the vertical tabulation character.
* `\0` matches the null character.
* `\cX` matches the control-X character (X can be in `[A-Za-z]`).
* `\xXX` matches the character whose codepoint is XX (in hexadecimal).
* `\uXXXXXX` matches the character whose codepoint is XXXXXX (in hexadecimal).
* `\cX` matches the control-`X` character (`X` can be in `[A-Za-z]`).
* `\xXX` matches the character whose codepoint is `XX` (in hexadecimal).
* `\uXXXXXX` matches the character whose codepoint is `XXXXXX` (in hexadecimal).
== Character classes
@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ in the character class.
Literals match themselves, including syntax characters, so `^`
does not need to be escaped in a character class. `[\*+]` matches both
the `\*` character and the `+` character. Literal escape sequences are
supported, so `[\n\r]` matches both the line feed and carriage return
supported, so `[\n\r]` matches both the newline and carriage return
characters.
The `]` character needs to be escaped for it to match a literal `]`
instead of closing the character class.
Character ranges are written as `<start character>-<end character>`, so
`[A-Z]` matches all upper case basic letters. `[A-Z0-9]` will match all
upper cases basic letters and all basic digits.
`[A-Z]` matches all uppercase basic letters. `[A-Z0-9]` will match all
uppercase basic letters and all basic digits.
The `-` characters in a character class that are not specifying a
range are treated as literal `-`, so `[A-Z-+]` matches all upper case
@ -62,15 +62,16 @@ Supported character class escapes are:
* `\h` which matches all horizontal whitespace characters.
Using an upper case letter instead of a lower case one will negate
the character class, meaning for example that `\D` will match every
non-digit character.
the character class. For example, `\D` will match every non-digit
character.
Character class escapes can be used outside of a character class, `\d`
is equivalent to `[\d]`.
== Any character
`.` matches any character, including new lines.
`.` matches any character, including newlines, by default.
(see <<regex#modifiers,:doc regex modifiers>> on how to change it)
== Groups
@ -99,16 +100,16 @@ matches `foo` followed by either `bar`, `baz` or `qux`.
== Quantifier
Literals, Character classes, Any characters and groups can be followed
Literals, character classes, any characters, and groups can be followed
by a quantifier, which specifies the number of times they can match.
* `?` matches zero or one times.
* `?` matches zero, or one time.
* `*` matches zero or more times.
* `+` matches one or more times.
* `{n}` matches exactly n times.
* `{n,}` matches n or more times.
* `{n,m}` matches n to m times.
* `{,m}` matches zero to m times.
* `{n}` matches exactly `n` times.
* `{n,}` matches `n` or more times.
* `{n,m}` matches `n` to `m` times.
* `{,m}` matches zero to `m` times.
By default, quantifiers are *greedy*, which means they will prefer to
match more characters if possible. Suffixing a quantifier with `?` will
@ -117,37 +118,40 @@ as possible.
== Zero width assertions
Assertions do not consume any character, but will prevent the regex
from matching if they are not fulfilled.
Assertions do not consume any character, but they will prevent the regex
from matching if not fulfilled.
* `^` matches at the start of a line, that is just after a new line
character, or at the subject begin (except if specified that the
subject begin is not a start of line).
* `$` matches at the end of a line, that is just before a new line, or
at the subject end (except if specified that the subject's end
* `^` matches at the start of a line; that is, just after a newline
character, or at the subject's beginning (unless it is specified
that the subject's beginning is not a start of line).
* `$` matches at the end of a line; that is, just before a newline, or
at the subject end (unless it is specified that the subject's end
is not an end of line).
* `\b` matches at a word boundary, when one of the previous character
and current character is a word character, and the other is not.
* `\B` matches at a non word boundary, when both the previous character
and the current character are word, or are not.
* `\A` matches at the subject string begin.
* `\z` matches at the subject string end.
* `\K` matches anything, and resets the start position of the capture
group 0 to the current position.
* `\b` matches at a word boundary; which is to say that between the
previous character and the current character, one is a word
character, and the other is not.
* `\B` matches at a non-word boundary; meaning, when both the previous
character and the current character are word characters, or both
are not.
* `\A` matches at the subject string's beginning.
* `\z` matches at the subject string's end.
* `\K` matches anything, and resets the start position of capture group
0 to the current position.
More complex assertions can be expressed with lookarounds:
* `(?=...)` is a lookahead, it will match if its content matches the text
following the current position
* `(?!...)` is a negative lookahead, it will match if its content does
not match the text following the current position
* `(?<=...)` is a lookbehind, it will match if its content matches
the text preceding the current position
* `(?<!...)` is a negative lookbehind, it will match if its content does
not match the text preceding the current position
* `(?=...)` is a lookahead; it will match if its content matches the
text following the current position.
* `(?!...)` is a negative lookahead; it will match if its content does
not match the text following the current position.
* `(?<=...)` is a lookbehind; it will match if its content matches
the text preceding the current position.
* `(?<!...)` is a negative lookbehind; it will match if its content does
not match the text preceding the current position.
For performance reasons lookaround contents must be sequence of literals,
character classes or any-character (`.`); Quantifiers are not supported.
For performance reasons, lookaround contents must be a sequence of
literals, character classes, or any character (`.`); quantifiers are not
supported.
For example, `(?<!bar)(?=foo).` will match any character which is not
preceded by `bar` and where `foo` matches from the current position
@ -158,10 +162,10 @@ preceded by `bar` and where `foo` matches from the current position
Some modifiers can control the matching behavior of the atoms following
them:
* `(?i)` enables case-insensitive matching
* `(?I)` disables case-insensitive matching (default)
* `(?s)` enables dot-matches-newline (default)
* `(?S)` disables dot-matches-newline
* `(?i)` starts case-insensitive matching.
* `(?I)` starts case-sensitive matching (default).
* `(?s)` allows `.` to match newlines (default).
* `(?S)` prevents `.` from matching newlines.
== Quoting
@ -169,20 +173,20 @@ them:
a literal. That quoted sequence will continue until either the end of
the regex, or the appearance of `\E`.
For example `.\Q.^$\E$` will match any character followed by the literal
string `.^$` followed by an end of line.
For example, `.\Q.^$\E$` will match any character followed by the
literal string `.^$`, followed by an end of line.
== Compatibility
The syntax tries to follow the ECMAScript regex syntax as defined by
https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/8.0/ some divergences
exists for ease of use or performance reasons:
Kakoune's syntax tries to follow the ECMAScript regex syntax, as defined
by <https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/8.0/>; some divergence
exists for ease of use, or performance reasons:
* lookarounds are not arbitrary, but lookbehind is supported.
* Lookarounds are not arbitrary, but lookbehind is supported.
* `\K`, `\Q..\E`, `\A`, `\h` and `\z` are added.
* Stricter handling of escaping, as we introduce additional
escapes, identity escapes like `\X` with X a non-special character
* Stricter handling of escaping, as we introduce additional escapes;
identity escapes like `\X` with `X` being a non-special character
are not accepted, to avoid confusions between `\h` meaning literal
`h` in ECMAScript, and horizontal blank in Kakoune.
* `\uXXXXXX` uses 6 digits to cover all of unicode, instead of relying
* `\uXXXXXX` uses 6 digits to cover all of Unicode, instead of relying
on ECMAScript UTF-16 surrogate pairs with 4 digits.